Royal University of Phnom Penh

Faculty of Engineering

Dep. of Telecommunication and Electronic Engineering

Project Title: Stereo Audio Amplifier

Group member:

Ly Seyha, Tann Thona, Chhoy Noreath, Nop Da, Simpich Dany

Advisor: Dr. Thap Tharoeun

First Generation, Year 3rd Semester II

2017

I. Introduction

This is a stereo audio amplifier module using the KA2209 IC, which is equivalent to the TDA2822. It will operate well from 3 – 12v DC and will work from a battery since the quiescent current drain is low. It requires no heat sink for normal use. The input and output are both ground referenced. Maximum output will be obtained with a 12v power supply and 8-ohm speaker, however it is particularly suitable for driving headphones from a supply as low as 3V.

II. Specifications of KA2209

• D.C. input: 5 – 12 V at 200 – 500 mA max.
• Power output: - > 1-Watt max. 4-8 ohms, 12V DC
• > 500 mW, 32-ohm, 12V
• > 500 mW, 4-ohm, 6V
• Freq. Resp.: ~ 40 Hz to 200 kHz, 8-ohm, G=10
• < 20 Hz to > 50 kHz, 32 ohms
• THD: < 1 % @ 750 mW, 4-8Ω, 12V
• < 0.2 % @ 250 mW, 4-8Ω, 12V
• Sensitivity: < 300 mV, G = 20 dB

Figure 1. KA2209 IC

III. Assembly Instructions

• The electrolytic capacitors are polarized, they have a + or - marked on them and they must be inserted correctly into the PCB.
• The IC and socket have a notch at one end, which is marked on the PC board overlay. If there is no notch on the IC, there will be a dot next to pin 1, which is the same end.
• Solder the socket in place first before installing the IC itself, then resistors, capacitors, and PCB pins. Leave the potentiometer until last. We have also provided input attenuation via the potentiometer which can be used as a volume control. This will keep the signal to noise ratio as high as possible. Extra gain provided by the amplifier will reduce the S/N ratio by a similar amount, since the input noise figure is constant.

IV. Testing

Check the voltage and polarity before connecting the battery or power supply. If it does not work, recheck all component positions and polarity. Check all solder joints, and all external wiring. The IC itself is quite robust, and there is very little else to go wrong. Remember when testing, it will not produce full output for more than a short duration because of limited heat dissipation. We found it easily exceeded the manufacturers specifications however.

IV. Circuit Description

• R1, R2 and R3, R4 are the feedback resistors. 
• C1 provides power supply decoupling.
• C2, C3 are the output coupling capacitors.
• C4, R1 and C5, R2 block DC in the feedback circuit from the inverting inputs.
• C6, R3 and C7, R4 act as Zobel networks providing a high frequency load to maintain stability at frequencies where loud speaker inductive reactance may become excessive.
• C8 and C9 are the input coupling capacitors, which block any DC that might be present on the inputs.
• The pot provides adjustable input level attenuation.

Figure 2. Stereo Audio Circuit with KA2209 IC

V. Components Requirement

VI. Reference

Quasar Electronics Limited

PO Box 6935

Bishops Stortford

CM23 4WP

UNITED KINGDOM 

Website:    http://www.quasarelectronics.com/3087.htm

Photos

Date: 26 October 2017

Location: Royal University of Phnom Penh

Royal University of Phnom Penh

Faculty of Engineering

Dep. of Telecommunication and Electronic Engineering

Smart Detecting Train Auto Control Gate

Project Smart Detecting Train Auto Control Gate

Smart Detecting Train Auto Control Gate

I. Abstract

II. Introduction

III. Electronic Requirement

Figure 1: IR Sensor characteristic and Its working.

2. Servo Motor

In this project, we use servo motor to control to on-off gate when the train goes through that way.

• It operates voltage from 4.8 – 6v
• Stall torque: 1.8 kg.cm (4.8V), 2.2 kg.cm (6 V)
• Operating speed: 0.1 s/60 degree (4.8 V), 0.08 s/60 degree (6 V).

Figure 2: Servo motor specification.

3. ATmega328P

We used ATmega328P instead of Arduino board process of controlling, it is operating well with 1.8-5.5V of input voltage. It needed a crystal clock with two ceramic capacitors and a 10KOmh resistor and a button for reset to working our microcontroller.

• Pin 1 is a reset pin to connect with a button.
• Pins 2&3 are the Rx and Tx pins.
• Pins 4 to 6 and 11 to 19 are the output digital pins.
• For pins 7&8 are the power pins of VCC and GND.
• For pins 9&10 are the connection pins of crystal with 2 capacitors.
• For pins 23-28 are the output analog pins.

Figure 3: Pins connection diagram for ATmega328P.

IV. Methodology

1. Making Print Circuit Board(PCB)

1.1 PCB Software Design

Base on this project, we have used 2 kind of software programs of Proteus to make new a PCB:

Figure 4: Interface of Proteus ISIS design circuit schematic with v7.10.

Figure 5: Interface of Proteus ARES design layout diagram with v7.10.

• Proteus ISIS software v7.10: is used to draw the circuit diagram by connecting from any components which we necessary need for our project. It is also corporates to an ARES software program. See Figure 4 below for ISIS design.
• Proteus ARES software v7.10: used to draw a layout of PCB diagram which connect form ISIS schematic design. See Figure 5 below for ARES design layout diagram.

*Note: in these combining program, some package may not have in this software, so you need to draw it by manually.

Go to this link to download software of the Proteus.v7.10 for the designing circuit schematic and diagram: Download Proteus.v7.10 Software

1.2 PCB Hardware

After we already design the diagram in Proteus software, then we need to follow these below steps:

Figure 6: Making PCB hardware with step by step.

These above figures show the steps of how to make a new PCB:

• For Fig6.1, show the printing out of the circuit drawing on a slipper paper by the Laserjet printer.
• Fig6.2, Iron that printed paper on the PCB board with a specific size.
• Fig6.3, Put the PCB which already ironed into acid and making vibrate it carefully.
• After we finish these 3 steps above then we need to apply all components to PCB board of each its position and then soldering it one by one. See Fig6.4&6.5.

V. Experiment

1. Program on ATMEGA328P Microcontroller

This is the explains how to migrate from an Arduino board to a standalone the ATmega328P microcontroller on a breadboard for burning the bootloader and uploading program to it.

Unless you choose to use the minimal configuration described at the end of this tutorial, we'll need four main components (besides the Arduino, ATmega328, and breadboard):

• a 16 MHz crystal,
• a 10k resistor, and
• two 18 or 22 picofarad (ceramic) capacitors.

1.1 Burning the Bootloader

We need to burn the bootloader onto a new ATmega328P microcontroller by using an Arduino board as an in-system program (ISP).

Figure 7: Wire connection to burn the bootloader onto an ATmega328P with Uno Arduino.

We’re choosing an Uno Arduino board for this section, so to burn the bootloader, we need to follow these below steps:

• Firstly, need to upload the ArduinoISP sketch onto an original Arduino board by select the board and serial port from the Tools menu that correspond to our board.
• Wire up the Arduino board and microcontroller as shown in the diagram of Figure7.
• Select "Arduino Duemilanove" from the Tools -> Board menu and then select to ATmega328.
• Select "Arduino as ISP" from Tools -> Programmer
• Run Tools -> Burn Bootloader

You should only need to burn the bootloader once. After you've done so, you can remove the jumper wires connected to pins 10, 11, 12, and 13 of the Arduino board.

1.2 Uploading Using an Arduino Board

After ATmega328P has the Arduino bootloader on it, then we can upload programs to it by using the USB-to-serial convertor (FTDI chip) on an Arduino board.

• To upload our code onto it, need to remove the microcontroller from the Uno Arduino board so the FTDI chip can talk to the microcontroller on the breadboard instead.
• Connect the RX and TX lines from the Arduino board to our ATmega328 on the breadboard as shown in Figure 8.
• To program the microcontroller, select "Arduino Duemilanove " from the the Tools > Board menu and select ATmega328, then upload as usual.

Figure 8: Wire connection to uploading sketches code to an ATmega328P on a breadboard.

1.3 Algorithm of Project

In this section, we will introduce you to know about our project processing in the diagram, see Figure 9 below to understand well.

To make a process in this project, we need to do the coding. For coding, you can download in link:

Download Code Arduino Project: Smart Detecting Train Auto Control Gate

Figure 9: Processing of Smart Detecting Train Auto Control Gate.

Figure 10: Flow Char

VI. Result

After we spent 10 weeks to develop it, finally we have completed it with 90% of fully project.
According to this project, there are two main parts, the smart detecting train system and auto night light system on this project. Let see the result of our full project’s demo is in the link below.

Figure 11: Result of Smart Detecting Train Auto Control Gate.

VI. Conclusion

In sum, we have developed an electronic project which work automatically to traffic light and gate control by detecting the coming train at quadrilateral road. We have made a new PCB board which include a new chip ATmega328P and all-important components on it to cover to a whole project’s process that can be replacement to an Uno Arduino board. Finally, it is working 90% of fully project and we need to update it with any remaining part and something lost in order to finish our project completely.

After we have finished this project, we knew many things about this project:

• Knew some electronic components characteristic and its specification.
• Understood the process in developing project and in reality.
• Know the comparing of process in project and reality working.
• Understood well about the designing of PCB by using Proteus software.
• Knew about how making a new PCB and boot-loading the ATmega328P as Arduino.

Reference

[1]. https://www.arduino.cc/en/Tutorial/ArduinoToBreadboard

[2]. https://nomada-e.com/store/sensores/9-sensor-optico-reflectivo-tcrt5000.html

[3]. http://full-parts.com/mg90s-metal-gear-servo-for-arduino-micro-tower-pro-180-degrees.html

[4]. https://voidyourwarranty.wordpress.com/2014/08/17/using-arduino-as-an-isp-to-program-a-standalone-atmega-328p-including-fuses/

Photos

Date: 20 December 2017

Location: Royal University of Phnom Penh, Cambodia

7 Segment One Digit Display

1. Objective

2. Requirement

• Arduino
• USB Cable
• 7 Segment 1 Digit (Cathode Type)
• Resistor 220 or 330 Ohm
• Electronic Wire

3. Building

Figure 1: 7 Segment 1 Digit Connection

4. Coding

  // 22 October 2017

 
int PIN_A = 1;
int PIN_B = 2;
int PIN_C = 3;
int PIN_D = 4;
int PIN_E = 5;
int PIN_F = 6;
int PIN_G = 7;
int i = 0;
int j = 0;

int Arduino_Pins[7] = {PIN_A, PIN_B, PIN_C, PIN_D, PIN_E, PIN_F, PIN_G};   // an array of pin numbers to which LEDs
int Segment_Pins[10][7] = {{0,1,1,1,1,1,1}, // 0
                           {0,0,0,0,1,1,0}, // 1
                           {1,0,1,1,0,1,1}, // 2
                           {1,0,0,1,1,1,1}, // 3
                           {1,1,0,0,1,1,0}, // 4
                           {1,1,0,1,1,0,1}, // 5
                           {1,1,1,1,1,0,1}, // 6
                           {0,0,0,0,1,1,1}, // 7
                           {1,1,1,1,1,1,1}, // 8
                           {1,1,0,1,1,1,1}, // 9
                           }; 

void setup()  {
  // Configure Digital I/O
  pinMode(PIN_A, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(PIN_B, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(PIN_C, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(PIN_D, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(PIN_E, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(PIN_F, OUTPUT);
  pinMode(PIN_G, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {

  for(i=0;i<10;i++) 
  {
    for(j=0;j<7;j++)  
    {
      digitalWrite(Arduino_Pins[j],Segment_Pins[i][j]);
    }
    delay(500);

    if(i==9)
    {           
      i = 0;      
    }
  }
}       
 

5. Result

Send Message Encrypt and Decrypt in Arduino

1. Objective

2. Requirement

• Arduino UNO (x2)
• USB Cable
• Button
• Electronic Wire

3. Building

Figure 1: Serial Communication Encrypt and Decrypt

4. Coding

      
char Ref[94] = {'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9',
                'A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','I','J','K','L','M','N','O','P','Q','R','S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z',
                'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j','k','l','m','n','o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w','x','y','z',
                '`','~','!','@','#','$','%','^','&','*','(',')','-','_','+','=','[',']','{','}','|',';',':','"','<','>',
                '/','?','.',',','\'','\\'};

int Encrypt[94] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,
                   36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,
                   69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93};

int button = 13;
String msg = "RUPP_MY002_L1_ON";
String a = "3";

void setup() {
  Serial.begin(9600);
  pinMode(button,INPUT_PULLUP);
}

void encryption(String str) {

  int msgLength = 0;
  int RefLength = 0;
  String dataEncrypt[20];

  //Serial.println(str);
  RefLength = sizeof(Ref);
  msgLength = str.length();

  // Encrypt
  for(int i=0;i<msgLength;i++) {
    for(int j=0;j<RefLength;j++) {
      if(msg[i]==Ref[j]) {
        dataEncrypt[i] = String(Encrypt[j]);
      }
    }
    Serial.print(dataEncrypt[i]);
    delay(30);
  }
}

void loop() {
  if(digitalRead(button)==0) {
    encryption(msg);
  }
}
 

#define Ref '_'
char Index[94] = {'0','1','2','3','4','5','6','7','8','9',
                'A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H','I','J','K','L','M','N','O','P','Q','R','S','T','U','V','W','X','Y','Z',
                'a','b','c','d','e','f','g','h','i','j','k','l','m','n','o','p','q','r','s','t','u','v','w','x','y','z',
                '`','~','!','@','#','$','%','^','&','*','(',')','-','_','+','=','[',']','{','}','|',';',':','"','<','>',
                '/','?','.',',','\'','\\'};

int Encrypt[94] = {0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,
                   36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63,64,65,66,67,68,
                   69,70,71,72,73,74,75,76,77,78,79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89,90,91,92,93};

String msg[20];
String data[20];
String dataDecrypt;

int button = 13;
int i = 0;

void setup() {
  pinMode(button,INPUT_PULLUP);
  Serial.begin(9600);
  Serial.setTimeout(3);
}

void AnalyseMsg(String msg) {
  
  int msgLength = 0;      // Total of Message length
  int cnt = 0;            // Count Reference number
  int refLocate[10] = {0};  // Location of the Reference in the message
  int x = 0;              // Variable for helping arrange the msg
  int y = 0;              // Variable for helping arrange the msg
  msgLength = msg.length() - 1;

  for(int i=0;i<msgLength+1;i++) {
    if(Ref == msg[i]) {
      cnt++;
      refLocate[cnt] = i;
    }
  }
  //Serial.println(cnt); 
  refLocate[cnt+1] = msgLength;
  for(int j=0;j<cnt+1;j++) {
    if(refLocate[j+1] == msgLength) {
      y = 1;
    }
    for(int i=refLocate[j]+x;i<refLocate[j+1]+y;i++) {
      data[j] += msg[i];
    }
    Serial.println(data[j]);
    x = 1;
  }
  // Clear data
  for(int i=0;i<cnt+2;i++) {
    data[i] = "";
  }
}

void decryption() {
  for(int j=0;j<i;j++) {
    dataDecrypt += Index[msg[j].toInt()];
  }
  //Serial.println(dataDecrypt);
  AnalyseMsg(dataDecrypt);
  dataDecrypt = "";
  i = 0;
}

void Readmsg() {
  if(Serial.available()) {
    msg[i] = Serial.readString();
    //Serial.println(msg[i]);   
    i++;
  }
}

void loop() {
  Readmsg();
  if(digitalRead(button) == 0) {
    decryption();
    delay(200);
  }
}
 

5. Result

Figure 2: Result Sending Message with Encrypt and Decrypt in Proteus Simulation.

Send Message with Arduino Serial Communication

1. Objective

2. Component Requirement

• Arduino Uno (x2)
• USB Cable
• Button
• Electronic Wire

3.  Building

Figure 1: Arduino Serial Communication Connected

4. Coding

// Code by Tann Thona, 20 November 2017

 
int button = 13;
String msg="RUPP_MY002_L1_ON";

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  pinMode(button,INPUT_PULLUP);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
  if(digitalRead(button)==0)
  {
    Serial.print(msg);
    delay(100);
  }
  else
  {
    Serial.write('0');
    delay(100);
  }
}       
 

// Code by Tann Thona, 20 November 2017

#define Ref '_'
String rmsg;
int msglength=0;
int cnt=0;
int Reflocated[10]={0};
String data [20];
int x,y=0;
void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  Serial.setTimeout(30);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() 
{
  msglength=0;
  cnt=0;
  Reflocated[10]={0};
  data [20];
  x = 0;
  y = 0;      
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
  if(Serial.available())
  {
    rmsg = Serial.readString(); 
  msglength=rmsg.length()-1;
  for(int i=0;i<msglength+1;i++)
  {
    if(Ref ==rmsg[i]){
      cnt++;
      Reflocated[cnt]=i;
    }
  }
    Reflocated[cnt+1]=msglength;   
      for(int j=0;j<cnt+1;j++){
      if(Reflocated[j+1]==msglength){
        y=1;
      }
      for(int i=Reflocated[j]+x;i<Reflocated[j+1]+y;i++){
        data[j]+= rmsg[i];
      }
      Serial.println(data[j]);      
      Serial.println("---------------------------");
      data[j] = ' ';
      x=1;
    }
  }
}       
 

5. Resulte

Figure 2: Result Send Message in Arduino Use VIRTUAL TERMINAL in Proteus.

•  If we don't push button transmitter send message "0" and receiver also receive message "0" too.
• when we push button, transmitter send message “RUPP_MY002_L1_ON" to receiver then receiver separate in world readable RUPP MY002 L1 ON.

Transmit Data from One Arduino to Three Arduino

1. Objective

2. Requirement

• Arduino Uno (x4)
• USB Cable
• Resistor (220ohm or 330ohm)
• Button
• LED
• Electronic Wire

3. Circuit Connection

Figure 1. Circuit connection arduino serial communication

 4. Coding

// Code by Tann Thona 24 April 2017

int button1 = 13;
int button2 = 12;
int button3 = 11;
char inByte1 = '1';
char inByte2 = '2';
char inByte3 = '3';

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  pinMode(button1,INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(button2,INPUT_PULLUP);
  pinMode(button3,INPUT_PULLUP);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
  if(digitalRead(button1)==0)
  {
    Serial.write(inByte1);
    delay(100);
  }
  else if(digitalRead(button2)==0)
  {
    Serial.write(inByte2);
    delay(100);
  }
  if(digitalRead(button3)==0)
  {
    Serial.write(inByte3);
    delay(100);
  }
  else
  {
    Serial.write('0');
    delay(100);
  }

}
 

// Code by Tann Thona 24 April 2017

int led1 = 13;
char inByte1 = '1';

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  pinMode(led1,OUTPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
  if(Serial.available())
  {
   inByte1 = Serial.read();
   if(inByte1 == '1')
   {
    digitalWrite(led1,1);
   }
    else
    {
    digitalWrite(led1,0);
    }
  }

}

// Code by Tann Thona 24 April 2017

int led2 = 13;
char inByte2 = '2';

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  pinMode(led2,OUTPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
  if(Serial.available())
  {
   inByte2 = Serial.read();
   if(inByte2 == '2')
   {
    digitalWrite(led2,1);
   }
    else
    {
    digitalWrite(led2,0);
    }
  }

} 

// Code by Tann Thona 24 April 2017

int led3 = 13;
char inByte3 = '3';

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  pinMode(led3,OUTPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
  if(Serial.available())
  {
   inByte3 = Serial.read();
   if(inByte3 == '3')
   {
    digitalWrite(led3,1);
   }
    else
    {
    digitalWrite(led3,0);
    }
  }

}

5. Result

• Push button1 arduino transmitter tansmit number 1, LED's receiver 1 bright.
• Push button 2 arduino transmitter tansmit number 2, LED's receiver 2 bright.
• Push button 3 arduino transmitter tansmit number 3, LED's receiver 3 bright.

Serial Communication Between Two Arduino

1. Objective

2. Requirement

• Arduino Uno x2
• USB Cable x2
• Breadboard
• LED
• Resistor (220Ohm or 330Ohm)
• Button
• Electronic Wire

3. Build Circuit Serial Communication

Fig1.1. Serial communication between two Arduino

// Code by Tann Thona (24/04/2017)

// Transmitter Coder
int button = 13;
char inByte = '1';

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  pinMode(button,INPUT_PULLUP);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
  if(digitalRead(button)==0)
  {
    Serial.write(inByte);
    delay(100);
  }
  else
  {
    Serial.write('0');
    delay(100);
  }
}

// Code by Tann Thona (24/04/2017)

// Reciever Coder
int led = 13;
char inByte = '1';

void setup() {
  // put your setup code here, to run once:
  pinMode(led,OUTPUT);
  Serial.begin(9600);
}

void loop() {
  // put your main code here, to run repeatedly:
  if(Serial.available())
  {
   inByte = Serial.read();
   if(inByte == '1')
   {
    digitalWrite(led,1);
   }
    else
    {
    digitalWrite(led,0);
    }
  }

}